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Os anos 80 foi marcados por belíssimas músicas românticas, músicas que até hoje são tocadas em todas as rádios do mundo.Anos '8. 0 Internacional - You. Baixar CD Flash Back Anos 8. Dj Marquinhos Espinosa - G. Rádio de flashbacks anos 70 e 80. Festa de flashbacks no Rio de Janeiro. ![]() The Simpsons Park : Toute l'actualit. C'est une tradition r. Mais on respecte les traditions ici. Quoi qu'il en soit, puisqu'il n'y a pas de nouveaux . Vous pouvez en d! En revanche, ! Si les prime du samedi vous manquent, pas de panique, les grandes vacances aussi seront plac. Pour calmer ses nerfs, il demande . Ned Flanders, qui assiste . Homer accepte volontiers et en profite pour d. Saison 5 de Mentalist — Wikip. Cependant, c'est sur le cas de John le Rouge (Red John en V. O.), un tueur en s. John le Rouge a tu. Patrick Jane dispose d'un sens tr. Il ne s'agit pas d'un pouvoir car il a aussi . Patrick Jane y a vu l'opportunit. Malheureusement, le FBI, command. Au cours de l'. Gale Bertram est furieux contre Teresa et Patrick. En compagnie de Gale Bertram, Alexa Schultz, directrice r. Elle annonce aussi que le FBI et le CBI vont d. Alors que chacun des suspects est innocent. Lorsque Teresa et Patrick viennent chercher Lorelei apr. La victime a . Cho et Rigsby remarquent le changement d'attitude de Patrick, depuis les . Ne trouvant pas de th. Jane remarque alors un papillon qui s'envole vers la chambre de la voisine, Betty. Puis, un chaudron claque. Les péripéties de 6 jeunes newyorkais liés par une profonde amitié. Entre amour, travail, famille, ils partagent leurs bonheurs et leurs soucis au Central Perk. Regarder les épisodes d'American Dad de la saison 1 en streaming (VOSTFR et VF).
Malheureusement, le lapin s'. Il passe devant un couple scandinave qui lui indique la direction qu'a prise le lapin. Patrick arrive devant la porte d'un jardin, pousse la porte et se retrouve face . Il lui demande son nom mais elle refuse de lui dire. Bien vite, la jeune fille lui parle de Viktor Mendelssohn. La jeune fille emm. Elle affirme . Jane refuse de la croire. Le reste de l'. Patrick a en r. Lorsque les effets de la belladone se sont dissip. Un meurtre est aussi commis dans le coffre- fort de la banque. La victime est Ernie Wright, assistant du g. Gale donne raison . Par la suite, l'agent Mancini essaye de s. Il est amen. C'est lors de l'enqu. Ce dernier n'avoue rien jusqu'. Au terme de l'enqu. Laroche innocente Wayne Rigby, mais accuse Lisbon d'avoir manqu. Il obtient finalement le droit de lire le dossier apr. Teresa tente par tous les moyens de se d. Contre toute attente, Jane aide le CBI dans son enqu. Cela lui vaut d'. CBS ayant menac. Son nom est Isaac Goodwin. Ce dernier est contraint de r. Les victimes sont en fait le couple d'amis de Marcus et Pella, Gary et Sloan, qui, comme Patrick va le d. Au moment o. C'est Sloan, l'. Quand le ravisseur t. Il finit par faire avouer un policier corrompu du nom de Walter : il a fait sortir Lorelei de prison sur l'ordre d'un certain agent Nemo du FBI. Patrick le livre ensuite . Showalter. Sc. Un homme dans une fourgonnette rouge, qui suivait la voiture, arrive pr. En voyant l'accident, il d. Le CBI va d. Teresa va croire ce dernier et va tenter de trouver des preuves solides contre le multimillionaire. L'assistante de Tommy Volker, Amanda Shaw, va craquer devant Teresa et lui avouera ce qu'elle veut savoir. Malheureusement pour Amanda, quelques heures plus tard, elle se fera assassiner par l'homme de main de Tommy, sous les yeux de ce dernier. Teresa re. Il lui dit que lui (Patrick) ne le conna. Il fait croire au CBI que Lorelei et des complices de John le Rouge l'ont enlev. Bob Kirkland de la s. Lorelei refuse de croire que John le Rouge est derri. Alors que Teresa soup. Alors que l'. Il est persuad. Alors que Teresa Lisbon est pr. Au cours de l'enqu. Il s'agit d'une ferme qui fait pousser puis revend de la marijuana . Malheureusement, elle s'est fait arr. Cho exerce des pressions afin de lib. Elle demande . Teresa obtient malgr. Par la suite, elle en demande un autre pour perquisitionner chez Charles Milk, l'homme de main de Tommy Volker, ce que la juge Davis refuse. Comme Charlotte . Plusieurs suspects sont dans la ligne de mire de Patrick, soit le docteur Rubin, la docteur Joanne Lyle, Susie la colocataire de Charlotte, Phoenix Bell, Armando et Mo Kaan (photographe). Patrick met au point un plan afin de d. Mais un enfant est t. Le corps de Horatio Jones ne sera d. Patrick y d. Alors que Teresa s'occupe de coincer Volker, Patrick d. Les preuves et les t. Patrick sugg. Mais Thomas Volker a lui aussi d. Patrick, pour qui la sc. Le CBI va suspecter le chef de police Rick Anaya, Holly Preston et sa m. Patrick monte une supercherie afin de coincer le meurtrier. Au moment o. Cette confession laisse penser . Patrick, alors obs. Ce dernier ayant perdu une grosse somme face au juge est de tr. Au bureau, Van Pelt est toute heureuse d'annoncer que sa candidature au stage informatique hacker White Hat a . Teresa demande alors l'aide de Jane.. Plusieurs suspects sont cibl. Jane organise un s. Au cours de l'enqu. Lance Reinhardt. Il affirme qu'Elise . De plus, Teresa et Patrick vont d. Patrick retrouve Lorelei, mais celle- ci refuse son aide. Elle veut d. John le Rouge r. Au moment de d. Au cours de l'enqu. Cho s'assure que la victime de harc. Au moment o. Patrick arrive trop tard pour parler . Dans cette liste, il est possible d'y remarquer les noms sont soit fictifs, soit ceux d'auteurs de la s. Le CBI suit plusieurs pistes dont celle d'une explosion d'un laboratoire de drogue. Au cours de l'enqu. Ils s'introduisent dans le repaire de Jane et photographient toutes les informations qui s'y trouvent, ce qui permet . Cela est en partie d. Cho lui sugg. Il demande . Patrick, qui en d. Au cours de l'enqu. Patrick demande . Celle- ci les aide pour leurs probl. Il demande . L'un est mort, alors que l'autre s'est enfui. Au moment o. Laroche lui r. Laroche demande l'aide de Patrick afin de retrouver sa bo. Il se confie . Celle- ci demande . Laroche se confie . Au cours de l'enqu. Et Patrick a un plan pour la d. Au terme de l'enqu. N'ayant toujours pas d. N'ayant pas dormi depuis une semaine, il essaye de se reposer, mais Lisbon le r. Jane se rend au motel avec Lisbon et confirme que c'est bien le tueur en s. Il remarque aussi la disparition d'un enfant d'environ 6 mois et le num. Au retour, Jane r. En se rendant au service de protection de l'enfance, Teresa r. Patrick et Teresa apprennent par la m. Le service de protection de l'enfance pointe Roddy Turner comme . 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It is totally based on two issues, both wrong: 1- he says that a COP higher than 1 is against the principles of thermodynamic. E- Cats had a flow rate of 3. Prominent pump installed on the E- Cat.“As a matter of fact, the cases can only be two: either Mr Smith is not an expert, and in this case the issue is over, or he is giving voluntary false information in change of money. In fact, it is impossible that an expert ignores that: “1- the thermodynamic principles must be applied to a specific system and in the case of the E- Cat the system is nuclear, not chemical, therefore it is possible that the COP is higher than one, because the chemical energy at the input induces nuclear energy: the three thermodynamic principles are fully respected because of the Einstein equation.“2- the Prominent pump , as every pump, has a flow rate that is in function of the hydraulic pressure: Mr Smith has hidden to the readers the fact that in the same photo that he reports in his “expertise” is clearly written that the pressure is 2 Bar at the flow of 3. Obviously if the pressure is lower, the flow rate increases. Every building equipped with plumbing fixtures and used for human occupancy or habitation shall be provided with a potable supply of cold water in the amounts and at. I have personally used that model of Prominent pump and at a pressure of 0. Bars its flow rate is about 9. If we look well the photo of the pumps system of the E- Cat we can see that the pumps have to raise the water of few tens of centimeters, while 2 Bars correspond to 2. At a rate of 9. 0 liters per hour, the maximum flow rate of all the pumps combined is well above the 1,6. E- Cat to reach a rate of about 1 MW. Not to mention other enormous errors, like for example the fact that the superheating of the steam must be made as he says: this guy does not even know how boilers work, or, most likely, lies in change of money.“Besides, somebody has to explain to him that the steam at 1. Celsius at room P is dry by physics laws. Plus, in the documents published by the Court is clearly described that along the steam line there was a trap to check if water was contained in the steam.”. ![]() CMR 1. 0. 0. 0: Uniform State Plumbing Code. By the Division of Professional Licensure. Water Supply and the Water Distribution System(1) Potable Water Supply.(a) Buildings. ![]()
Every building equipped with plumbing fixtures and used for human occupancy or habitation shall be provided with a potable supply of cold water in the amounts and at the pressures specified in 2. CMR 1. 0. 1. 4. For permanent residences or buildings in which people are employed, hot water shall be provided.(b) Use of Non- potable Water Prohibited. Only potable water shall be accessible to plumbing fixtures supplying water for: drinking; bathing; culinary use; orthe processing of food, medical or pharmaceutical products.(2) Water Service.(a) The water service pipe shall be of sufficient size to furnish water to the building in the quantities and at the pressure required elsewhere in 2. CMR 1. 0. 0. 0.(b) It shall, in no case, be less than . Showers used for other than safety reasons shall be equipped with flow control devices to limit total flow to a maximum of 2. G. P. M. Plumbing fixtures requiring higher temperatures for their proper use and function, such as dishwashers and hot water dispensers shall be exempted from 2. CMR 1. 0. 1. 4.(b) Conservation of Cold Water for Toilets and Urinals. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software. Flushometer Toilets. Flushometer toilets that are floor mounted or wall mounted shall be low consumption toilets which use a maximum of 1. Flushometer type urinals shall discharge a maximum of one gallon (3. The Board may grant Product- approval to standard flushometer toilets and urinals which do not meet the specific standards when, in the opinion of the Board the configuration of the building drainage system requires a greater quantity of water to adequately flush the system. Tank Type Toilets. All two- piece toilets shall be low consumption toilets, which use a maximum of 1. In satisfaction of the requirements of 2. CMR 1. 0. 1. 4, the Board shall permit the installation of tank- type toilets equipped with devices which are found by the Board to meet applicable standards, in toilets having a tank capacity in excess of 1. All other toilets not covered in 2. CMR 1. 0. 1. 4(3)(b)1. The minimum sizes of a fixture water supply pipe shall be as shown in 2. CMR 1. 0. 1. 4(4): Table 1: Minimum Sizes of Fixture Water Supply Lines and Factor Values. The fixture water supply pipe shall be extended to within at least 3. TABLE 1: MINIMUM SIZES OF FIXTURE WATER SUPPLY LINES AND FACTOR VALUESTYPE OF FIXTURE OR DEVICENominal Pipe Size (inches)Factor Value. Bathtub (with or without single shower head). All building water supply systems in which quick acting valves and solenoid valves are installed shall be provided with devices to absorb high pressures resulting from the quick closing of these valves. These pressure- absorbing devices shall be air chambers that are provided with a means for restoring the air to the device should the chambers become waterlogged, or other Product- approved mechanical devices. Water pressure absorbers shall be placed as close as possible to the quick acting valves and shall be accessible for maintenance or replacement. Pressure Absorbing Devices. A mechanical pressure absorbing device may be installed: at the ends of long pipe runs of pipe; orconnected to piping serving batteries of fixtures. Mechanical Devices. Where mechanical devices are used, the manufacturer's specifications shall be followed as to location and method of installation.(c) Inadequate Water Pressure. Whenever water pressure from the street main, service or other source of supply is insufficient to provide flow pressures at fixture outlets as required under 2. CMR 1. 0. 1. 4(4)(f), a booster pump and pressure tank or other means in compliance with 2. CMR 1. 0. 0. 0 shall be installed on the building water supply system.(d) Variable Street Pressures. Where street main pressures fluctuate, the building water distribution system shall be designed for the minimum pressure available.(e) Supply Demand. The supply demand in gallons per minute in the building water distribution system shall be determined on the basis of the load in terms of supply fixture units and of the relationship between load and supply demand.(f) Minimum Pressures Required in Water Distribution System. Based on the minimum static water pressure available, pipe sizes shall be selected so that under conditions of peak demand a minimum flow pressure at the point of discharge shall not be less than that shown in 2. CMR 1. 0. 1. 4(4): Table 4: Minimum Flow Pressure and Flow Rates. In determining minimum pressures at the outlets, allowances shall be made for the pressure drop due to friction loss. TABLE 4: MINIMUM FLOW PRESSURE AND FLOW RATESFIXTURE OR DEVICEFLOW PRESSURE P. S. I. FLOW RATE G. P. M. Ordinary basin faucet. Self closing basin faucet. Sink faucet, d inch. Sink faucet, . This is to reduce the water pressure to a maximum of 8. P. S. I. G. This requirement does not apply where the water service pipe supplies water directly to a water pressure booster system, an elevated water gravity tank, or to pumps provided in connection with a hydro- pneumatic or elevated gravity water supply tank system. The Pressure at any fixture under no- flow conditions shall be limited to no more than 8. P. S. I. G.(h) Return Circulation - - Where Required. Hot water supply systems in buildings where the developed length of hot water piping from the source of the hot water supply to the farthest fixture supply exceeds 1. Installing The Building Water Distribution System.(a) Meter Valve. A gate valve or other full- port valve shall be installed in the water supply main on the discharge side of each water meter. The valve shall be not less than the size of the building water service pipe.(b) Riser Valves. Except in single family dwellings, a valve shall be installed at the base of each water supply riser. In multistory buildings, a valve shall be installed at the top of each water supply that is an upstream supply pipe from a booster system.(c) Valves in Dwelling Units. If individual fixture valves are not installed in two- family or multiple family dwelling units, one or more main control valves shall be provided so that the water to any unit may be shut off without stopping the flow of water to other units. These valves shall be readily accessible inside the unit controlled.(d) Individual Fixture Valves. In buildings that are occupied other than residential dwellings, the water supply line to each fixture or other piece of equipment shall be provided with a valve or a fixture stop to shut off the water to the fixture. All sillcocks, hose bibbs and wall hydrants shall be separately controlled by a shutoff valve inside the building.(e) Tank Controls. Supply lines from pressure or gravity tanks shall be provided with valves at or near the tanks.(f) Water Heating Equipment Valve. The cold- water branch to each hot water storage tank or water heater shall be provided with a valve located near the equipment and above the top of the tank.(g) Valves to be Accessible. All water supply main control valves shall be placed so as to be accessible for service and maintenance. All concealed tub or shower valves shall be provided with renewable seats.(h) Main Control Valve Design. Except for single fixture shutoffs, main control valves on all water mains and branches, shall, when fully opened, have a cross sectional area not less than the cross sectional area of the pipe (full- port) in which they are installed.(i) Draining Systems. Drain cocks or valves should be provided at all low points of piping so that every portion of the water piping system can be drained. A drain valve shall be required near the meter or main control valve.(j) Metering Devices with Check Valves. Where water meters or metering devices with check valves are installed, which can create a potential hazard or nuisance due to thermal expansion, a thermal expansion tank shall be installed as close as possible to the water meter or metering devices. The thermal expansion tank shall be of adequate size and constructed of materials approved in 2. CMR 1. 0. 0. 6.(k) Hose Connections. Outside Hose connections, sillcocks or wall hydrants shall be installed in all residential buildings no more than 1. In all commercial buildings, sillcocks and hose connections shall only be required in: mechanical rooms; mechanical penthouses; ormechanical areas of similar use and nature. A backflow preventer or vacuum breaker shall be installed on all sillcocks, hose connections and wall hydrants including faucets that incorporate a hose thread outlet.(l) Saddle Valves. Saddle valves are prohibited in the water supply line. No water supply line shall be tapped, burned, welded, or drilled, except that mechanical devices that have been Product- approved by the Board which are designed and engineered to create penetration in piping for specific joining methods may be used.(6) Water- Pressure Booster Systems.(a) Water Pressure Booster Systems Required. When water pressure in the public water main or individual water supply system is insufficient to supply the probable peak demand flow to all plumbing fixtures and other water needs freely and continuously with the minimum pressures and quantities, specified in 2. CMR 1. 0. 1. 4(4)(f) or elsewhere in 2. CMR 1. 0. 0. 0 and in accordance with good practice, the rate of supply shall be supplemented by: a gravity water tank; a hydro- pneumatic pressure booster system; or. A pressure tank installed in accordance with 2. CMR 1. 0. 1. 4(4)(c).(b) Support. All water supply tanks shall be supported in accordance with 7. CMR: The Massachusetts State Building Code or local building commissioner.(c) Covers. All water supply tanks shall be covered to keep out unauthorized persons, dirt, and vermin. The covers of gravity tanks shall be vented with a return bend vent pipe having an area not less than the area of the down feed riser pipe. The vent shall be screened with corrosion resistant screen of not less than 1. FAQ's - Edge Programmers. Should. I Install The EGT Probe Before Or After The Turbocharger? There are two reasons for this: response. ![]() If the probe is mounted far away from the. EGT numbers. Putting the probe after the. This. discrepancy can be as much as 2.
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The misfire is generally associated with a loss of power and no unusual smoke. Like anything else, injectors can get tired and become weak over time. One of the most common failures occurs when an injector body becomes cracked. When the body is cracked, the engine will not necessarily produce a miss but will cause other problems, which can be even more difficult to pinpoint. When the engine is shut down, the crack in the injector’s body will often cause fuel to drain back from the fuel lines and rails back to the tank. When the leak down occurs, the engine has to spin over for an excessive period of time in order to re- prime the injection system. This is how long it will take the common- rail pump to build fuel pressure to the “threshold.” The threshold for cranking is when the fuel rail pressure reaches around 5,0. Normal common- rail systems will operate at 5,0. WOT). So when an injector becomes cracked and the fuel has leaked down in the injection system, crank times will become almost tripled in order for the fuel system to re- prime and the desired threshold reached in order to fire the engine. This can be a lengthy process to determine exactly which injector is the problem. First remove the valve cover, then crank the engine and let it idle. With a light, study the injector body of each cylinder. Sometimes, if the injector body is cracked externally, you may be able to notice a small wisp of smoke from the injector. But this wisp should not be confused with blowby, which will be seen also. If the injector is cracked externally and producing a smoke wisp, you will be able to smell the hint of diesel fuel in the air. But what if you still can’t determine which one is the problem child? Then you’ll have to dig a little deeper and isolate each cylinder. The only way that you can isolate an individual cylinder is to cut off the supply of fuel — in order to do this in a common- rail system you’ll have to cap it off. For the Cummins engine, I start with the first cylinder and remove the hard line between the fuel rail and injector. This cap is made to withstand the high pressures associated with a common- rail system. Do not use anything else or you may suffer injury or death from the high- pressure fuel.)Next, I crank the engine and see if the crank time is reduced. If not, I proceed to the next cylinder until I can determine which one is responsible for the long crank time. This usually happens when the injector is cracked so badly that the fuel system can never reach the threshold. The oil will also be heavily diluted with diesel fuel. By installing the cap on each cylinder one at a time, the bad injector can be isolated — you’ll know you’ve found it when the engine fires normal and fast. GM’s Duramax applications are totally different as are Ford Power. Strokes, because the right scan tool can read leakage rates of each injector; with Cummins applications they cannot. A great example is one that came by the shop the other day. The owner had an ’0. L Power. Stroke that had lost power. When he pulled into the parking lot I could hear that the engine had an audible miss. The first thing was to reach for the scan tool and see what trouble codes were found. All of the engine parameters looked okay. In fact, you really could not ask for the data to look any better. But why did the engine have such a terrible miss? There were codes pointing to the fact that cylinders 1, 3, 5 and 7 had a contribution problem. This was more or less saying that these cylinders were dead. So, how bad was the engine missing? Now, I didn’t know if this was the problem, so I had to probe a little deeper. In the top of the injector is what is known as a spool valve. The spool valve is controlled by two 4. Basically, you have the spool valve in the middle with a coil on each end. When the open coil energizes, the spool moves one way and when the closed coil energizes the spool moves the other way. This movement of the spool valve is only 0. When the open coil is energized, the spool valve moves to allow high- pressure oil in from the rail to flow into the injector. When the closed coil is energized, oil is allowed to drain from the injector into the crankcase. Think about that: it is impressively fast to move a spool that quickly when it is under the intensity of high- pressure oil. So when the spool opens, high- pressure oil enters the injector. This, in turn, pushes the intensifier piston and plunger downward inside the injector body. Fuel enters the injector through an opening on the side of the injector body, which is delivered by the fuel pump and surrounds the injector through passages in the cylinder head. When the engine is at WOT, the high- pressure oil can reach 3,0. So, as the piston and plunger move downward inside the injector, fuel in the bottom chamber of the injector is being squeezed. The intensifier piston is seven times greater than the surface area of the plunger. This means that the injection force will be seven times greater than the high- pressure oil. When the open coil is energized, the high- pressure oil comes into the injector and the piston and plunger move downward. The pressure of the fuel in the delivery chamber being forced through the tip of the injector nozzle will be 4,2. Now realize that if the engine is at WOT, this would be 2. Injector stiction has to do with the injector spool valve. When the FICM commands the injector to open, there can be a delay in the spool valve movement, usually from the spool valve sticking in the bore. One of the biggest culprits is the type of oil being used along with the viscosity. These engines can be very picky about oil. It is not that there are bad oils on the market, but some are better for this engine than others. One thing that tends to influence hydraulics is the amount of air that can be entrapped in the oil. It doesn’t matter if we’re talking about an earthmover, hydraulics do not like air. Air in the oil causes foam. When foam enters the injector, it will cause misfires and rough running due to the “fake” injection pressures the foam is producing. But, there is only one way to release the foam: manufacturers use silicone as a release agent. So most of the time, I will use the engine oil that the manufacturer recommends. Manufacturers of vehicles know what the engines need and have to stand behind their products. Sometimes injector stiction is caused by negligent servicing of a vehicle. Deposits and scum tend to build and leave behind debris that can cause the spool valve to stick. Of course, over a period of time, the coils in the spool valve can also fail, resulting in a dead injector. So in order to give the best service life for your engine, follow the recommendations of the manufacturer. There are scan tools on the market that will show a lot of data along with the trouble codes. There are also scan tools used by the dealer, which we often can’t afford. But in order to find out what is happening with the 6. L injector, you need a tool that can actually see the injector spool times. It’s called the G2 Diesel Injector Tester and is for . The reason for this is that a lot of times when you have a couple of injectors that may have issues, some shops feel they have to replace them all. As you know, diesel injectors are expensive and this can be very costly. With the use of a laptop computer along with the G2 tester, injector spool times are identified quickly. While a laptop is not necessarily needed, it will give some data logging capabilities along with some graph displays on what the injectors are doing. The trouble was all on the passenger- side bank. After hooking up the vehicle to the G2, I was able to get an idea of what was going on. The spool times of the injectors looked great. The funny thing was that these injectors’ spool times looked great compared to others I had seen in the past, but the engine still had a miss on four cylinders. The purpose of the test is to find out how all the cylinders deviate from each other in order to see their contribution to the total engine. The cylinder kill test will obtain a baseline while the engine is running. After the baseline of rpm and torque, the G2 will kill cylinders 1 through 8 in order for several seconds. So there was one other thing that needed to be looked at. I wanted to see what the HPOP (high pressure oil pump) was doing. From the menu of the G2 you can also select to display and graph the pressures of the HPOP. The pressure at idle was almost 6. I accelerated the engine. So it was evident that there was nothing wrong with what could make this engine function. Something to keep in mind on a 6. L is that, if all things are working, there must be a high- pressure oil leak somewhere. Seeing as how all of the cylinders were dead on one side, there had to be a leak somewhere. Unfortunately, there was not, so the engine had to be torn down further. What I found was the oil branch from the HPOP on the passenger side was leaking. This was causing such a loss of high- pressure oil that the injectors could not actuate when they were pulsed by the FICM. The owner admitted that he had just picked up the vehicle from another shop that could not fix it. With the PCM having codes pertaining to possible injectors, the shop automatically assumed that new injectors would fix the problem. This was a terrible choice for both the owner and the previous shop. Black Coffee Trailer Dure Dure - Imran ft Puja Directed by Shimul Hawladar . 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Strange Science: What is Evolution? For all of recorded history, people have looked more or less the same: two eyes, two ears, a nose, a mouth, a head sitting atop an oblong body with two arms and legs. Hairdos differed, but the basic body plan stayed the same for as far back as the history books go. ![]() But they would have more hair. And maybe not quite as much smarts. They would be much better at climbing trees, though. If you went further back in time, the arms would be front legs. Even further back in time, the fur would be scales. Really far back in time, there wouldn't be any legs at all, just fins for swimming. As unlikely as it sounds, life forms from spiders to spider monkeys belong to the same family tree. Even fungus merits an invitation to the family reunion. A simple way to think of evolution is . Showing scenes from Genesis, it illustrated the contemporary explanation for how life arose. Illustration from Scenes from Deep Time by Martin J. S. Rudwick. People took a long time to figure out that evolution happened, and for many years, Western civilization relied largely on the Bible to understand how we got here. But about the same time that Anglo- Irish Archbishop James Ussher calculated his Earth- formation date of October 2. BC, some of his keenest contemporaries puzzled over just how the Bible could be literally true. Early on, the story that caused perhaps the most trouble was Noah's Flood. ![]() Theses and Dissertations Available from ProQuest. Full text is available to Purdue University faculty, staff, and students on campus through this site. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. A religious man, Steno wasn't out to disprove the Bible; he used it as the basis for his work in piecing together old landscapes. He figured out that rocks are deposited in layers with older rocks at the bottom, and in the landscape of Tuscany, he thought he saw the events described in Genesis. In the century following his death, however, people who searched rock layers for remains of Earth's earliest inhabitants found something odd. According to Genesis, God made Adam, Eve, and all the animals first. Then Adam and Eve started a family and left plenty of descendents. Only later came Noah's Flood, which was held responsible for depositing all those weird remains, like shells, in rocks on top of mountains. If that actually happened, human remains should have appeared in the oldest rocks at the bottom of the heap, but they didn't. Human remains showed up only in the newest layers. The oldest layers of rocks held different creatures, and the further down in the heap one looked, the weirder the creatures got. All the naturalists who traveled to the New World and Australia to draw, collect, measure and catalog what lived there threatened to sink Noah's Ark with too many passengers. After all, fitting two of everything living in Europe was enough of a challenge. Squeezing in all these newly discovered creatures from newly discovered continents looked impossible. Biblical scholars went back to calculating the length of a cubit. Rather than simply relying on miracles, scholars and savants (there were few actual scientists just yet) adopted the view that God played by His own rules, so understanding nature could contribute to understanding God. And if God played by the rules, then a worldwide flood that covered the highest mountain peaks with water (and left seashells behind) would require the sudden creation and subsequent cleanup of a tremendous amount of liquid. That didn't look likely. Leonardo da Vinci himself poured scorn on such . Lead by scientists like Buffon, George Cuvier and James Hutton, the men (few women could participate then) who studied rocks and fossils accepted that the Earth had been around for thousands, if not millions, of years before people came on the scene. Furthermore, many animals — giant ground sloths in South America, monstrous reptiles in England — had gone extinct long ago. So even if people continued to look to the Bible for spiritual guidance, they began to doubt it was a literal account of the history of life on Earth. Not everyone who accepted an ancient Earth necessarily accepted biological evolution. By the early 1. 9th century, the professional scientists and leisurely gentlemen who dabbled in geology or comparative anatomy entertained a variety of explanations for humanity's predecessors. Evolution was one explanation, but many savants believed a series of catastrophes had been followed by fresh creations. He suggested that organisms could acquire needed characteristics for changing environments, an idea that has been laughed off by history, but his views were actually more nuanced than modern accounts usually relate. Cuvier, regarded as the greatest comparative anatomist of his day, disdained Lamarckian . Over the next several years, he examined living and fossil organisms that gave him an insight into the ancient past. When he departed on his voyage, many of the people he knew believed in special creation, meaning that God specially created every organism for its environment. At the time, Darwin himself may have shared that belief. Early on, however, he noticed phenomena that special creation didn't explain very well. When introduced to islands, frogs often thrive, sometimes multiplying to nuisance proportions. Yet on the Gal. He instead affirmed what the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Genevi. It begs the question why they weren't created for those locations. The situation is more easily explained by the theory that life on Earth evolved, had to migrate to new locations, and would be prevented from doing so by substantial barriers. Where barriers to migration exist, different animals fill the same ecological niches. This happens again and again, with rabbits and viscachas, beavers and capybaras, and jaguars and marsupial lions filling similar niches in different locations. He planned to publish his idea as early as the 1. Robert Chambers anonymously published Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation a quasi- scientific account of organisms changing over time. The reaction was fierce. Darwin held back — and gathered more evidence to support his case. In the late 1. 85. Alfred Russel Wallace, began to see organisms in the same light as Darwin. He wrote Darwin about his idea, and Darwin realized that, if he waited any longer, he would be scooped. Darwin's notes and correspondence, and Wallace's paper were all read aloud at the same scientific meeting in 1. They spurred little reaction, but a year later, Darwin published The Origin of Species. Biology was forever changed. They're famous today not because they proposed evolution. That had already been done. They're famous for proposing a viable explanation of how evolution occurs: natural selection. When sea turtles hatch, hundreds of them poke out of their shells and head for the ocean, desperately flopping their tiny legs as fast as they can. Many of them don't even reach the water; they're picked off by seagulls instead. Once in the water, many more baby turtles become snacks for their neighbors in their new watery neighborhood. Even if they avoid becoming a meal themselves, they have to find meals of their own, and food can be pretty limited in the wild. Illustration from Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea by Carl Zimmer. Some life forms on Earth — such as some bacteria, plants, even animals — reproduce by cloning — making exact replicas of themselves. In such populations, everybody is the same. For the rest of us, sex introduces variation into a population. Darwin pondered this variation, particularly the differences between the animals that survive and pass their characteristics on to their offspring, and those that instead get snatched up in the jaws of defeat. He (and Wallace) found that the key to surviving and producing offspring has to do with suitability to the environment. Birds that need to see their prey from afar, then swoop down and snatch up a meal, benefit from keen eyesight. Hunting birds with lousy eyesight often go hungry. Lizards scurrying around in forest floor litter benefit from good camouflage and swift legs. In a (literal) pinch, the ability to part with one's tail can keep a lizard alive. Ditto an octopus arm. The scientists stocked each island with lizards that they planned to observe, careful to ensure no reptilian island- hopping. Even before that, they measured and marked each lizard, and put each (un)willing experiment participant through a fitness test on a treadmill. Some islands were sparsely populated, meaning the lizards' biggest challenge was predation. Other islands were crowded, so the biggest challenge in those places was beating the other lizards to the most calories. At the end of breeding season, the researchers sifted through their results and discovered that competition for resources was a bigger driver of natural selection than predation. Local predators turned out to be unfussy eaters. The lizards that won the chow contest on crowded islands, however, were bigger and more athletic than the survivors on un- crowded islands. Environments can change. Lakes can dry up. Weather patterns can shift. A new species of vegetation can set up camp, favoring a new color of camouflage in lizards rustling around in the leaves. Any organism that happens to possess a characteristic well suited to the new environment will do better than its peers. Over time, the new characteristic may become so preferable to the old one that the population eventually looks different from how it used to look. Genes — the inherited instructions that tell our cells what to do and tell our bodies what to look like — are passed from one generation to the next with remarkable accuracy. But every once in awhile, something goes wrong. The instructions get botched. These random mistakes are mutations. People often think of mutations as invariably harmful, but that's not always the case. Many (perhaps most) mutations have little or no effect, and some mutations are life savers. One example in human DNA is known as delta 3. When the plague, often referred to as the Black Death, struck Europe, it devastated the population, but a lucky few survived. They carried the delta 3. Senior Biology - 'Deadly' Extended Experimental Investigations. RESOURCES FOR QUEENSLAND STUDENTS & TEACHERS DEADLY EEI IDEAS Ideas for Year 1. Biology Extended Experimental Investigations. From Dr Richard Walding, BApp. Sc, MSc, MPhil, Ph. D, FAIP, FRACI, CChem, Griffith University, Australia. Senior Physics teacher - Moreton Bay College, Brisbane Senior Biology & Chemistry teacher Moreton Bay College 2. Author New Century Senior Physics textbook by Oxford University Press. Email: richard@walding. Many of the suggestions below involve the use of animals. For some further advice go to Use of Animals note at the end. OPEN INQUIRY EEI In most Queensland schools the Year 1. EEI provides students with a limited range of research questions to investigate, usually drawn from a single unit (eg plants). This allows students to focus on the process and techniques of investigation and the subsequent reporting. The examples from Nanango State High and Moreton Bay College in . However, in Year 1. However, many teachers have found strategies to manage this should they choose to opt for a Open EEIs. An example of an Open Inquiry EEI can be downloaded here: Nanango SHS Year 1. Open EEI. My thanks to Biology teachers from Nanango for sharing this. Examples of Risk Assessment forms can be found in the tasks available on this page. A comprehensive form developed over several years by Urangan SHS can be found here: Risk Assessment Form. It is only an example and should not be assumed to necessarily meet the legal and safety obligations of any particular school or situation. TWO MAIN APPROACHES FOR AN EEI In general there are two main methods used in senior high school EEIs. They are: The method of artificial variation: where you manipulate one variable to see the effect on the other (and keeping the rest constant) For example, what is the effect of temperature (the manipulated or independent variable, IV) on the enzyme digestion of starch (the dependent variable, DV). The method of concomitant variation: where some naturally occurring variation in some condition (Variable 1) is correlated against some other condition (Variable 2). This is also called a . You can think that nature has manipulated the variables but it is still appropriate to class one as dependent and one as independent. In this second case you do not need you to control the environmental temperature, but you do need to measure the DV at different temperatures. One way to address the confounding variables (eg humidity) is to collect data on the other variable as well. That is, call the stoma/temperature data Part I, and call the stoma/humidity data Part 2. You can run the statistics on each pair separately, but, for students who are not that . Food, as well as meeting the nutritional requirements of humans, will also meet the nutritional needs of a vast range of micro- organisms. These microbes will multiply rapidly in food, given the appropriate conditions such as temperature, p. H and moisture. The flavour, aroma and texture will ultimately be affected. Microbial contamination accounted for 3. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) between 1 January 1. December 2. 00. 4. Of these recalls, 4. Listeria monocytogenes contamination; 1. Salmonella contamination and 1. Escherichia coli contamination (Food Standards 2. Those most affected by food poisoning are the elderly, the young and immune suppressed individuals. This EEI is suggested by Biology teacher Sylvia Hicks from St Aidan's College, Corinda. Effects of different anti microbials on bacterial growth Joseph Lister first introduced aseptic surgery in 1. C6. H5. OH) as a germicide. He was able to reduce mortality of post operative surgery by up to 4. Since then the control of growth by antimicrobial compounds has grown into a multi- billion dollar industry. A good EEI is to assess the effect of a variety of antimicrobial disinfectants on bacterial growth. Charmaine Keal (HOD - Science at Tullawong State High School) offered this advice: . Our labbies prepare the plates and order in E. Students then put a 'wash' of E. Small paper discs (like out of a hole punch) are sterilised and then soaked into different anti- microbials. If the anti bacterial is effective there is a clear ring around the disc where the E. Students have used the width of this ring to indicate effectiveness (and to collect quantitative data). The experiment can work quite well; keen students have then researched the active compounds within the antibiotic, how they act upon the bacteria and link to the results observed. Common antibacterials are alcohols (eg ethanol, isopropyl alcohol), synthetic detergents = QAC (quaternary ammonium compounds) or phenols. No single disinfectant is ideal. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, phenols sterilise well but are corrosive and toxic. Detergents and 7. At Mt Maria College, Enoggera, Brisbane, the Science Co- ordinator Shan Wainwright also uses multi disks impregnated with antibiotics. Risk assessment including disposal of waste is vital. The images in the diagram to the right were prepared by Dr Dennis Kunkel of Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc. Over years Dennis has assembled a vast collection of these micrographs, many of which have been colorized and can be viewed on his website. Images Copyright Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. Do probiotics survive the digestive tract as claimed? The following suggestion is courtesy of Adam Delroy, Moreton Bay College, Brisbane. Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are good for your health, especially your digestive system. We usually think of bacteria as something that causes diseases. But your body is full of bacteria, both good and bad. Probiotics are often called . Probiotics are naturally found in your body. You can also find them in some foods and supplements (eg Yakult, Inner Health Plus, Greek yoghurt). Supposedly they can lower the amount of . However, are probiotics able to survive the p. H variations of exposure through the intestinal tract to offer health benefits? In the task we use for the Year 1. Technology & Applied Science extension classes at Moreton Bay College, students were able to select a probiotic (either Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotics or Bifidobacteriam probiotics) and test whether these microbes are able to survive the p. H exposures found in the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, proximal and distal small intestine and large intestine to offer their health benefits. The task sheet, prepared by teacher Adam Delroy, can be downloaded here. After trying a general purpose nutrient agar medium, growth was very poor so a lactobaccilus- specific medium was tried (MRS Agar from Thermo Scientific). This worked well. Details are available here. The MBC microbiology laboratory protocols can be downloaded here. Killing black mold with clove oil After the Brisbane floods of January 2. Flood waters are known to contain viruses, molds and bacteria that can easily become air borne, and combined with sewage and toxins in flood waters this makes a dangerous combination. Even after flood waters recede, the residue left behind contains the same micro- organisms. Insurance companies wouldn't bother to clean moldy carpets because many molds produce mycotoxin which is very dangerous for humans as well as animals. Tightness of the chest, cough, nose bleeds, fever, headache, flu, etc. In fact, the Queensland floods saw seven people hospitalised with the deadly bacterial infection Leptospirosis, due to the micro- organism Leptospira borgpetersenii (serovar Arborea); and it was the first time it had been seen in central Queensland. Click the link for the abstract of an article about it published in Epidemiology and Infection (V1. No. 3, Marr 2. 01. J. Wilson and S. Craig - scientists from the Queensland Department of Health. One common way to get rid of mold is to wash the affected area in a clove oil solution. This suggests a good EEI with great practical significance. You could grow some mold on bread (such as the black- green mold pictured below) and place a few drops of a solution of it on a nutrient agar plate and then incubate it. Measure the size of the colony after a few days and then place a square of filter paper on the agar with various amounts of clove oil added and note the growth over the next week. As another treatment you could add the clove oil filter paper at the time of innoculation. How much clove oil to use? Try trial and error but Shannon Lush, in her book . Be warned: you will need to consider health risks before you get started, and your teacher will need to approve your plans. Year 1. 2 student Mitchell Oxley from Redlands College, Brisbane, found this was too weak and stepped it up by a factor of 1. Another favourite is cinnamon oil; you could try that too. If you want to control the type of mold present - and consider the naturally occuring molds too haphazard - then you could consider buying a specific strain. Southern Biological from Brisbane supplies Penicillium chrysogenum as a safe alternative for use in schools. It costs about $1. Once the experiment is completed, students are required to design and conduct a modification to this experiment for their EEI whereby they investigate one of the variables that affects the rate of digestion in animals. Note: the school limits task sheets to two pages thus other support material is handed out separately. For example: Click this link to see their Year 1. EEI Report Guidelines. Enzyme functioning All Hallows' School, Brisbane, runs an open inquiry EEI in Year 1. During the study of 'Functioning Organisms', students conduct an EEI to engage with an aspect of plant or animal physiology that allows optimal homeostatic levels to be maintained. Update or add new Maps to your Sat Nav / GPS for free. This is the simplest tutorial on how to add or update maps to your Garmin Sat Nav. Garmin maps are simple . GUIA DO PRAZER: Tudo o que você precisa saber sobre sexo está aqui Torne-se um expert, aprenda com a experiência de outras pessoas. So updating or adding maps is as simple as copying and pasting a file, which has to be named gmapprom. In some places, you may find locked files, but there are tools to unlock those. An additional option (but not free) is to purchase official maps from Garmin’s website. The cost in the UK (Europe map) is . If your GPS has LMT in the description is because Life. The simplest post on Earth to update your old map and/or add new maps to your Sat Nav / GPS (Garmin). Follow these 4 steps and you are ready to go. P.I.G.TONES -Politically Incorrect GPS Voices! For Garmin and Tom Tom portable car units (We used a Garmin nuvi 760 for these tests) For specific questions about this. Time updates are included already (no extra charge). One you got this, you install Garmin software from their website and you get the updates whenever you want. But because we like free stuff, these are the steps: Step 1. Buy a cable and connect your Sat Nav. The first step is to connect the device to your computer. For this purpose you need a mini USB cable.
![]() If you are an Andriod user you probably have one already, otherwise you can get one in Amazon for around USD 3 . Find your Map. Open Street Map (OSM) is the most used and globally recognised source for maps. They are free, created and updated by users and volunteers across the World. The easiest thing to do is to find the map of your interest ready to use in . So select your map from this link (once you find the one you need, click on the Provider column), only make sure that it says Yes in Routable column. In my case I wanted France so I download the map from the following website. There you click on Europe Maps and then Benelux & France. That’s it! Your browser will start downloading a . In my case the file is called “Benelux & France- IMG- UL. MB. If your map has . Mkgmap is a good one. Step 3. Copy your Map to your Sat Nav. Here you have two options, you can copy the file to your Sat Nav memory, or you can use an external SD card: Option A: Use you Sat Nav inbuilt memory. You can now just copy and paste your file to your device. Once connected to your computer, it will appear as an additional drive, as shown in the image below. Copying file to Sat Nav. You may not have enough space on your device, but you can remove some files and replace the existent map. You can always make a backup and copy the files to your computer. You could delete it but as it is only about 5. MB you wouldn’t gain much space. You can also delete some of the voice files to make room. These probably contain lots of different voices and languages (files with . They should all be in the directory Garmin\Voice. This is also only around 5. MB. Another option would be to go to garmin. Option B: Use an external SD card. If you do not want to remove nor touch the original maps (the ones that came when you bought your device), you can play safe and use an external SD card (read more at our “Best Travel Gadgets” post). You only need to create a folder called Garmin and copy your . You can get a 4. GB SD card for around USD 4: Kingston, San. Disk. You need to format it with FAT3. Garmin says it will only accept up to a 4. GB card for certain models, so check that in advance. Step 4. Check your new Map in your Sat Nav. To check if the map was copied correctly and it is ready to use, follow these steps: Disconnect your Sat Nav from the computer. Turn it on and click on Tools (bottom right corner)Click on Settings, then on Map, and then on Map Info. You should now see you new map, as the image below: Garmin Sat Nav’s Map Info Screen. More information. You can find many Garmin Sat Navs on Amazon at different prices (from USD 1. New devices can load multiple “*. If you want to have more maps on your device you can rename maps file in: gmapprom. Bear in mind that nowadays most of them come with Life. Time maps from the country you buy it from, so better to buy it with the maps you are most likely to need. Do not forget to visit our “Best Travel Gadgets” post to find other useful artefacts for your trip! Download - Update. Star - Update. Star. Download the. free trial version below to get started. Double- click the downloaded file. Update. Star is compatible with Windows platforms. Update. Star has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with. Windows 1. 0, 8. 1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2. Windows. XP, 3. 2 bit and 6. Simply double- click the downloaded file to install it. Update. Star Free and Update. Star Premium come with the same installer. Update. Star includes support for many languages such as English, German, French, Italian, Hungarian, Russian and many more. You can choose your language settings from within the program. |
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